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2 Jun 2026

Paper summary

Paper summary: On the Scaling of PEFT: Towards Million Personal Models of Trillion Parameters

This position-style study argues that small adapters on top of shared foundation models can serve as persistent personal state (preferences, skills, tool habits, memory-like updates), organised along Scale Up, Scale Down and Scale Out axes.

  • The base model gives shared competence; each adapter carries one instance's personal behaviour.
  • PEFT is reframed from a budget substitute for full fine-tuning to a substrate for persistent personal models.

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